The MMP-13 was the only biomarker significantly increased in
OA patients, when compared with healthy controls, in both mtDNA haplogroups
H and J (p<0.001). Type II collagen biomarkers such as Coll2-1,
Coll2-1NO2, Coll2 ratio, C2C, CPII and C2C:CPII ratio were significantly
increased in OA patients that carry the mtDNA haplogroup H when compared
with OA carriers of the mtDNA haplogroup J (p<0.01 in all cases).
Two logistic regression models for diagnosis, adjusted for age, gender and
smoking status, were constructed. For haplogroup H, the regression model
obtained showed that the biomarkers significantly associated with OA were
hyaluronic acid and C2C:CPII; the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC
curve for this model was 0.926 (95% CI=0.857-0.995) and the optimal probability
cutoff for discriminate between OA and healthy controls was 0.269,
with a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 78%, and a positive likelihood
ratio of 4.3. For haplogroup J, the biomarkers significantly associated with
OA were MMP-13, MMP-3 and C2C; the AUC for this model was 0.880
(95% CI=0.782-0.978), and the optimal probability cutoff for discriminate
between OA patients and healthy controls was 0.271, with a sensitivity of
96%, a specificity of 68%, and a positive likelihood ratio of 3.
source
Thursday, September 30, 2010
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
Ancient tourism to Stonehenge?
The boy with the amber necklace has been suggested to be of European Mediterranean origin.
The new evidence shows that ‘the Boy with the Amber necklace’ spent his childhood in a warm climate typical of Iberia or the Mediterranean. Such warm oxygen values are theoretically possible in the British Isles but are only found on the extreme west coast of South West England, western Ireland and the Outer Hebrides. These areas can be excluded as likely childhood origins of his on the basis of the strontium isotope composition of his teeth 1.
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
Y Haplogroups and Aggressive Behavior
Below is the abstract of an interesting article about the possible association between y-chromosome haplogroups and aggressive behavior. Intriguingly, haplogroups R1a1 and R2 were shown to have a medium and significantly lower aggression score then haplogroups H,L and J respectively .
____________________________________________________
Y Haplogroups and Aggressive Behavior in a Pakistani Ethnic Group
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Studies show that personality dimensions such as aggression are influenced by genetic factors and that allelic variants located on the Y chromosome influence such behavior. We investigated polymorphisms on the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome in 156 unrelated males from the same ethnic background, who were administered the Punjabi translation of the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire that measures four aspects that constitute aggressive behavior, i.e. physical aggression, verbal
aggression, anger, and hostility. A value of .85 for Cronbach’s coefficient a indicates considerable internal consistency and suggests that the psychometric properties of the aggression questionnaire can be adapted for the Pakistani population. A mean score7SD of 69.70719.95 was obtained for the questionnaire. Each individual was genotyped following a phylogenetic hierarchical approach
to define evolutionary Y haplogroups. Five Y haplogroups that are commonly found in Eurasia and Pakistan comprised 87% (n5136) of the population sample, with one haplogroup, R1a1, constituting 55% of the sampled population. A comparison of the total and four subscale mean scores across the five common Y haplogroups that were present at a frequency Z3% in this ethnic
group revealed no overall significant differences. However, effect-size comparisons allowed us to detect an association of the haplogroups R2 (Cohen’s d statistic5.448–.732) and R1a1 (d5.107–.448) with lower self-reported aggression mean scores in this population. Aggr. Behav. 35:68–74, 2009. r 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monday, September 27, 2010
Y-chromosome strs of Tajiks from Ferghana.
Below are the y-chromosome strs of all the Ferghana Tajiks studied under Genetic diversity and the emergence of ethnic groups in Central Asia.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[Profile] Title="Central Asia project_controlsLuissamples439&389Ichanged" #"388 392 389I 19 390 391 393"
SampleName="TJK-EH"
( South Ferghana Valley) SampleSize=35
SampleData={
TJ1C 1 12 17 14 15 23 10 13
TJ2P 1 12 17 14 15 23 10 13
TJ3P 1 12 13 13 13 25 10 13
TJ4P 1 12 17 13 15 23 10 13
TJ5C 1 12 16 13 16 23 10 12
TJK1 1 12 12 13 16 26 11 13
TJK2 1 13 15 14 13 22 10 13
TJK3 1 12 11 13 16 24 11 13
TJK4 1 12 15 13 16 22 10 12
TJK5 1 12 13 13 13 24 10 13
TJK6 1 12 17 14 15 23 10 13
TJK7 1 13 15 14 13 22 10 13
TJK8 1 12 14 14 13 23 10 13
TJK9 1 12 14 14 13 23 10 13
TJK10 1 12 13 13 13 24 10 13
TJK11 1 12 13 13 13 23 10 12
TJK12 1 12 15 13 15 22 10 12
TJK13 1 12 11 14 15 25 11 13
TJK14 1 12 15 14 15 23 12 14
TJK15 1 12 11 13 15 25 11 13
TJK16 1 12 13 13 13 25 10 13
TJK17 1 12 11 14 15 25 11 13
TJK18 1 12 14 14 13 23 10 13
TJK19 1 13 15 13 13 22 10 12
TJK20 1 13 11 13 15 24 10 13
TJK21 1 12 13 13 13 25 10 13
TJK22 1 12 11 14 15 25 11 13
TJK23 1 12 11 14 15 25 11 13
TJK24 1 12 13 13 14 24 10 12
TJK25 1 13 15 14 13 22 10 13
TJK26 1 12 11 13 15 25 11 13
TJK27 1 12 14 14 13 23 10 13
TJK28 1 17 11 13 14 23 11 12
TJK29 1 12 11 13 16 24 11 13
TJK30 1 12 14 14 13 23 10 13
} SampleName="TJR-EH" ( West Ferghana Valley)
SampleSize=29
SampleData={
TJR1 1 12 11 12 15 25 11 13
TJR2 1 14 11 13 16 25 10 13
TJR3 1 13 11 13 15 22 10 15
TJR4 1 12 13 12 15 24 11 12
TJR5 1 12 10 14 15 25 10 13
TJR6 1 15 11 13 14 23 10 12
TJR7 1 12 14 12 14 22 10 11
TJR9 1 12 10 12 14 23 10 14
TJR10 1 10 14 12 14 23 10 12
TJR11 1 16 11 13 14 23 10 13
TJR12 1 12 12 13 14 23 10 13
TJR13 1 12 14 13 14 23 10 14
TJR14 1 12 10 12 14 23 10 14
TJR15 1 12 11 12 15 22 10 14
TJR16 1 12 11 12 15 22 10 14
TJR18 1 12 11 12 15 22 10 14
TJR19 1 15 11 13 15 23 10 12
TJR20 1 12 11 13 16 25 11 13
TJR21 1 12 13 13 14 24 10 12
TJR22 1 12 13 14 14 19 10 13
TJR23 1 12 10 13 13 23 10 13
TJR24 1 12 10 14 15 25 10 13
TJR25 1 12 16 14 14 23 11 14
TJR26 1 12 11 13 16 25 11 13
TJR27 1 12 11 13 17 25 11 13
TJR28 1 12 10 13 15 22 10 15
TJR29 1 12 13 13 13 25 10 13
TJR30 1 12 11 13 15 25 11 13
TJR31 1 12 11 12 15 22 10 14
}
Sunday, September 26, 2010
Another mistake in a scientific journal dealing with human genetics:
A particular article by the name of Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups has incorrectly labeled a sibling of M8a as haplogroup S and this information was subsequently copied in Genetic diversity of two haploid markers in the Udegey population from southeastern Siberia. Apparently this error has given rise to scientific misinformation and could of easily started a false rumor that a special genetic link exists between the Australians and the Siberians. Obviously it is important that we carefully read and review any particular scientific paper before making any unusual conclusions.
Thursday, September 2, 2010
The isolation of the Afghan mitochondrial gene pool
From the article The mtDNA composition of Uzbekistan: a microcosm
of Central Asian patterns “Of the seven population samples, Afghanistan and
Kazakhstan appear to be the least and most genetically
diverse, respectively. Kazakhstan had a large number of
unique haplotypes and thus a low random-match probability
(0.13%). Afghanistan, on the other hand, had the fewest total
number of haplotypes relative to population size and the
highest random-match probability, at 5.5%. mtDNA haplotype
diversities for all populations ranged from 0.946 to
0.999.” Quite interesting aspects of this sample of Afghan Uzbeks include its relatively high frequencies of western Eurasian mtDNA (about 81%) as well as its relatively high regional frequencies of haplogroups K and H (both around 25%) .
_________________________
Afghan mitochondrial haplotypes
_________________________
of Central Asian patterns “Of the seven population samples, Afghanistan and
Kazakhstan appear to be the least and most genetically
diverse, respectively. Kazakhstan had a large number of
unique haplotypes and thus a low random-match probability
(0.13%). Afghanistan, on the other hand, had the fewest total
number of haplotypes relative to population size and the
highest random-match probability, at 5.5%. mtDNA haplotype
diversities for all populations ranged from 0.946 to
0.999.” Quite interesting aspects of this sample of Afghan Uzbeks include its relatively high frequencies of western Eurasian mtDNA (about 81%) as well as its relatively high regional frequencies of haplogroups K and H (both around 25%) .
_________________________
Afghan mitochondrial haplotypes
_________________________
H6 AFG002 Afghanistan 16111T 16362C 16482G 239C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
M AFG003 Afghanistan 16184T 16186T 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 195G 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
M AFG004 Afghanistan 16184T 16186T 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 152Y 195G 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U2e1 AFG005 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G
H1f AFG006 Afghanistan 16041G 16189C 16286T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
M3 AFG007 Afghanistan 16126C 16223T 16519C 73G 143A 146C 189G 204C 215G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 482C 489C
H AFG008 Afghanistan 16320T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
G3a1 AFG009 Afghanistan 16215G 16223T 16225T 16274A 16T 73G 143A 150T 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
T2 AFG010 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
Z AFG011 Afghanistan 16223T 16260T 16298C 73G 143A 152C 204C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U4 AFG012 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
G1a2'3 AFG013 Afghanistan 16184T 16223T 16362C 16519C 73G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
T2 AFG014 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG015 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
D4k AFG016 Afghanistan 16192T 16223T 73G 195C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
C4a1 AFG017 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16223T 16298C 16327T 16519C 73G 195C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
T2 AFG018 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a AFG019 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
N1b AFG020 Afghanistan 16145A 16176G 16223T 16390A 16519C 73G 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
U7 AFG021 Afghanistan 16069T 16260T 16274A 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
U7 AFG022 Afghanistan 16069T 16260T 16274A 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG023 Afghanistan 16189C 16193.1C 16193.2C 16519C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a AFG024 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG025 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG026 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG027 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG028 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U7 AFG029 Afghanistan 16129A 16146G 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a1a AFG030 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG031 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
Z AFG032 Afghanistan 16223T 16260T 16298C 73G 143A 152C 204C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U3a AFG033 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U1a'c AFG034 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
U7 AFG035 Afghanistan 16309G 16318C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a1a AFG036 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG037 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG039 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG040 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG041 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG042 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG043 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
M3 AFG044 Afghanistan 16126C 16223T 16519C 73G 146C 263G 315.1C 482C 489C
H6 AFG045 Afghanistan 16111T 16362C 16482G 239C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG046 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a AFG047 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
N9b AFG048 Afghanistan 16086C 16172C 16187T 16189C 16217C 16223T 73G 146C 210G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 338T 571T
K1a1a AFG049 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG050 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a AFG051 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG052 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U2e1 AFG053 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 150Y 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G
U2e1 AFG054 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 150Y 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G 524.1A 524.2C
K1a1a AFG055 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
M AFG056 Afghanistan 16223T 16311C 16335G 16519C 73G 143A 152C 189G 199C 204C 263G 315.1C 489C
A AFG057 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a AFG058 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG059 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG060 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG061 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
U1a'c AFG062 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 152Y 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
H AFG063 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG064 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG065 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
J1 AFG066 Afghanistan 16069T 16126C 16193T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 295T 315.1C 462T 489C
H11a1 AFG067 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H AFG069 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
H AFG070 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
U7 AFG071 Afghanistan 16069T 16189C 16227G 16318T 16359C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 368.1A 368.2G 368.3A 368.4A 523- 524-
U7 AFG072 Afghanistan 16069T 16189C 16227G 16318T 16359C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 368.1A 368.2G 368.3A 368.4A 523- 524-
T2 AFG073 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
U4 AFG074 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
M30 AFG075 Afghanistan 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 109A 195A 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U4 AFG076 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
C4a1 AFG077 Afghanistan 16129A 16223T 16298C 16327T 16519C 73G 195C 249- 255A 263G 315.1C 489C
M3 AFG078 Afghanistan 16126C 16185T 16209C 16223T 16519C 73G 195C 198T 263G 315.1C 482C 489C
U4 AFG079 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
U4 AFG080 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
T AFG081 Afghanistan 16126C 16294T 16519C 73G 152C 194T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
U1a'c AFG082 Afghanistan 16183C 16189C 16193.1C 16242T 16249C 16256T 16294T 16519C 73G 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H5 AFG083 Afghanistan 16294T 16301T 16304C 16311C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 456T 523- 524-
D4 AFG084 Afghanistan 16223T 16362C 73G 152C 195C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 489C
HV1 AFG085 Afghanistan 16067T 16242A 16311C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG086 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
K1a1a AFG087 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U2e1 AFG088 Afghanistan 16051G 16093C 16129C 16182C 16183C 16189C 16290Y 16362C 16519C 73G 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 340T 508G 524.1A 524.2C
H11a1 AFG089 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
B4 AFG090 Afghanistan 16092C 16182C 16183C 16189C 16217C 16519C 16527T 73G 263G 315.1C
U3a AFG091 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U3a AFG092 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U1a'c AFG093 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 152Y 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG094 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG095 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U3a AFG096 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
A AFG097 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
A AFG098 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG099 Afghanistan 16311C 93G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
M30b AFG100 Afghanistan 16169Y 16189C 16191.1C 16192T 16223T 16278T 73G 152C 195A 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
M AFG003 Afghanistan 16184T 16186T 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 195G 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
M AFG004 Afghanistan 16184T 16186T 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 152Y 195G 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U2e1 AFG005 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G
H1f AFG006 Afghanistan 16041G 16189C 16286T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
M3 AFG007 Afghanistan 16126C 16223T 16519C 73G 143A 146C 189G 204C 215G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 482C 489C
H AFG008 Afghanistan 16320T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
G3a1 AFG009 Afghanistan 16215G 16223T 16225T 16274A 16T 73G 143A 150T 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
T2 AFG010 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
Z AFG011 Afghanistan 16223T 16260T 16298C 73G 143A 152C 204C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U4 AFG012 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
G1a2'3 AFG013 Afghanistan 16184T 16223T 16362C 16519C 73G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
T2 AFG014 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG015 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
D4k AFG016 Afghanistan 16192T 16223T 73G 195C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
C4a1 AFG017 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16223T 16298C 16327T 16519C 73G 195C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C
T2 AFG018 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a AFG019 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
N1b AFG020 Afghanistan 16145A 16176G 16223T 16390A 16519C 73G 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
U7 AFG021 Afghanistan 16069T 16260T 16274A 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
U7 AFG022 Afghanistan 16069T 16260T 16274A 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG023 Afghanistan 16189C 16193.1C 16193.2C 16519C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a AFG024 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG025 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG026 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG027 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG028 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U7 AFG029 Afghanistan 16129A 16146G 16318T 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a1a AFG030 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG031 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
Z AFG032 Afghanistan 16223T 16260T 16298C 73G 143A 152C 204C 249- 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U3a AFG033 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U1a'c AFG034 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
U7 AFG035 Afghanistan 16309G 16318C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a1a AFG036 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG037 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG039 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG040 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG041 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG042 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG043 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
M3 AFG044 Afghanistan 16126C 16223T 16519C 73G 146C 263G 315.1C 482C 489C
H6 AFG045 Afghanistan 16111T 16362C 16482G 239C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG046 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a AFG047 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
N9b AFG048 Afghanistan 16086C 16172C 16187T 16189C 16217C 16223T 73G 146C 210G 263G 309.1C 315.1C 338T 571T
K1a1a AFG049 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG050 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
K1a AFG051 Afghanistan 16224C 16311C 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 497T
K1a AFG052 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U2e1 AFG053 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 150Y 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G
U2e1 AFG054 Afghanistan 16051G 16129C 16189C 16362C 16391A 16519C 73G 150Y 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 340T 508G 524.1A 524.2C
K1a1a AFG055 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
M AFG056 Afghanistan 16223T 16311C 16335G 16519C 73G 143A 152C 189G 199C 204C 263G 315.1C 489C
A AFG057 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
K1a AFG058 Afghanistan 16093Y 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG059 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG060 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H11a1 AFG061 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
U1a'c AFG062 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 152Y 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
H AFG063 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG064 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
H11a1 AFG065 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
J1 AFG066 Afghanistan 16069T 16126C 16193T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 295T 315.1C 462T 489C
H11a1 AFG067 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
H AFG069 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
H AFG070 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
U7 AFG071 Afghanistan 16069T 16189C 16227G 16318T 16359C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 368.1A 368.2G 368.3A 368.4A 523- 524-
U7 AFG072 Afghanistan 16069T 16189C 16227G 16318T 16359C 16519C 73G 151T 152C 263G 315.1C 368.1A 368.2G 368.3A 368.4A 523- 524-
T2 AFG073 Afghanistan 16126C 16179T 16274A 16294T 16296T 16519C 73G 152C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
U4 AFG074 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
M30 AFG075 Afghanistan 16223T 16234T 16519C 73G 109A 195A 263G 309.1C 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
U4 AFG076 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
C4a1 AFG077 Afghanistan 16129A 16223T 16298C 16327T 16519C 73G 195C 249- 255A 263G 315.1C 489C
M3 AFG078 Afghanistan 16126C 16185T 16209C 16223T 16519C 73G 195C 198T 263G 315.1C 482C 489C
U4 AFG079 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
U4 AFG080 Afghanistan 16325C 16356C 73G 195C 263G 315.1C 499A
T AFG081 Afghanistan 16126C 16294T 16519C 73G 152C 194T 263G 309.1C 315.1C
U1a'c AFG082 Afghanistan 16183C 16189C 16193.1C 16242T 16249C 16256T 16294T 16519C 73G 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H5 AFG083 Afghanistan 16294T 16301T 16304C 16311C 263G 309.1C 315.1C 456T 523- 524-
D4 AFG084 Afghanistan 16223T 16362C 73G 152C 195C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 489C
HV1 AFG085 Afghanistan 16067T 16242A 16311C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG086 Afghanistan 16519C 263G 315.1C
K1a1a AFG087 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U2e1 AFG088 Afghanistan 16051G 16093C 16129C 16182C 16183C 16189C 16290Y 16362C 16519C 73G 152C 217C 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 340T 508G 524.1A 524.2C
H11a1 AFG089 Afghanistan 16278T 16311C 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
B4 AFG090 Afghanistan 16092C 16182C 16183C 16189C 16217C 16519C 16527T 73G 263G 315.1C
U3a AFG091 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U3a AFG092 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
U1a'c AFG093 Afghanistan 16182C 16183C 16189C 16249C 16319A 16519C 16527T 73G 152Y 195C 263G 285T 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C
K1a1a AFG094 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
K1a1a AFG095 Afghanistan 16093C 16129A 16224C 16311C 16519C 16T 73G 150T 199C 263G 315.1C 497T
U3a AFG096 Afghanistan 16343G 16390A 16519C 73G 146C 150T 263G 315.1C
A AFG097 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
A AFG098 Afghanistan 16111T 16223T 16290T 16293C 16319A 16519C 73G 151T 152C 235G 263G 309.1C 309.2C 315.1C 523- 524-
H AFG099 Afghanistan 16311C 93G 152C 263G 309.1C 315.1C
M30b AFG100 Afghanistan 16169Y 16189C 16191.1C 16192T 16223T 16278T 73G 152C 195A 263G 315.1C 489C 523- 524-
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